Puhkuse üks kõrvalefekte on see, et võrguühendus on oluliselt lünklikum kui tsivilisatsiooni rüpes. Samas midagi ikkagi läbi tilgub. Näiteks nagu see Jonathan Tepperi jutt.
Tepperi poolt mainitud kolm struktuurset muutust (volatiilsed turud, tulude väiksem kasv ja struktuurse tööpuuduse kõrgem tase) on olulised ka meie jaoks. Ja mitte ainult teatud poliitikute adekvaatsuse hindamiseks ja pensionifondide teemalise iroonia tootmiseks.
After the dot com bust, John Mauldin wrote frequently about “the Muddle Through Economy,” where the economy would indeed be growing, but that growth would be below the long-term trend. The Muddle Through Economy would be more susceptible to recession. It would be an economy that would move forward burdened with the heavy baggage of old problems while facing the strong headwinds of new challenges. Mauldin’s description of the world was accurate then, and it is even more accurate now.
The current recovery from the Great Recession has surprised to the upside, given the extremely negative estimates that analysts had last year, when almost everyone was predicting the Apocalypse. Since then GDP has been robust, industrial production has shot up, retail sales have bounced back, and the stock market has rebounded strongly. However, compared to previous recoveries, growth does not look that great and people don’t “feel” the recovery. This is unlikely to change.
The Muddle Through Economy is the product of several major structural breaks in the economy, which have important implications for growth, jobs, and the timing of a future recession.
Three Structural Changes
Investors are good at absorbing short-term information, but they are much less successful at absorbing bigger structural trends and understanding when secular breaks have occurred. Perhaps investors are like the proverbial frogs in the frying pan, who do not notice the slow, incremental changes occurring around them.
There are three large structural changes that have been slowly but steadily happening. Going forward, the US economy will have to deal with: (1) higher volatility, (2) lower trend growth, and (3) higher structural levels of unemployment.
1) Higher volatility
The period of low volatility of GDP, industrial production, and initial unemployment claims is now over. For a period of over twenty years, excluding the brief 2001-02 recession, volatility of real economic data was extremely low.
The two decades of lower economic volatility have been called “The Great Moderation.” We believe that going forward higher economic volatility, combined with a secular downtrend in economic growth, will create more frequent recessions.
You can measure economic volatility in a variety of ways. Our preferred way is on a forward-looking basis. We have recently seen the highest volatility in the last forty years across leading indicators. (These typically lead the economic cycle.) This means only one thing: higher volatility going forward.
2) Lower Trend Growth
We are also seeing a secular decline over the last four cycles in trend growth across GDP, personal income, industrial production, and employment.
Another view of declining trend growth is the decline in nominal GDP. As the following chart shows, the 12-quarter rolling average has been on a steady decline for the last two decades.
A combination of lower trend growth and higher volatility means more frequent recessions.The closer trend growth is to zero and the higher volatility is, the more likely US growth will frequently dip below zero. We believe this has very important implications for equity and bond investors across asset classes. Indeed, the last three economic expansions lasted almost ten years, but in previous decades they averaged four or five years. From now on we will likely see recessions every three to five years.
3) Higher Levels of Structural Unemployment
There is a growing disparity in unemployment rates between the well-educated and the poorly educated; between the “haves” and “have nots.” This is a structural shift that began before the recession and has only grown stronger during the recession. The disparity in the unemployment situation is far more dramatic if you look at the breakdown of unemployment rates by educational attainment.
Looking at unemployment by length of time unemployed also shows growing divergences.
There are clear trends developing. Those who have attained a higher level of education are not suffering to nearly the same extent as those on the lower end of the educational scale. Indeed, conditions for less-skilled workers could be described as tight.
Furthermore, those who find themselves out of work stay out of work longer, on average. The average time of unemployment has sharply increased from less than 20 weeks only 2 years ago to over 30 weeks now — a 50% increase. Those unemployed for shorter lengths of time now make up much less of the total than they used to. Instead, the majority of unemployed workers is comprised of those in a chronic state of joblessness. Such people find it ever harder to get back to work, as their skills become rusty.
This phenomenon is not confined to the US. A similar pattern is developing in the UK
The Economy Won’t Produce Enough Jobs
What do we get when we put the three structural breaks together? Higher volatility and lower trend growth produce more frequent recessions. More frequent recessions and stubbornly high unemployment rates mean that recoveries will not be long-lasting enough to put everyone back to work who would like to work. This in large part explains why high unemployment is currently so problematic.
What are the investment implications for the Muddle Through Economy? Investors will have to adjust to this new reality. Reducing leverage is one way. Another is to reduce the average holding period of investments. Investors will have to become more nimble. This in itself may add to market volatility.
For longer-term investors, this change of paradigm will mean achieving consistent returns is even more difficult. However, investors with a shorter-term, more tactical outlook may find these new, more volatile conditions a source of great opportunities.
